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William Georger Horner - Zoetrope

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William George Horner William George Horner  (9 June 1786 – 22 September 1837) was a  British   mathematician ; he was a schoolmaster, headmaster and school-keeper, proficient in classics as well as mathematics, who wrote extensively on functional equations, number theory and approximation theory, but also on optics. His contribution to approximation theory is honoured in the designation  Horner's method , in particular respect of a paper in  Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London  for 1819. The modern invention of the Z oetrope , under the name  Daedaleum ( meaning Wheel of the devil)  in 1834, has been attributed to him. The eldest son of the Rev. William Horner, a Wesleyan minister, was born in Bristol. He was educated at Kingswood School, a Wesleyan foundation near Bristol, and at the age of sixteen became an assistant master there. In four years he rose to be headmaster (1806), but left in...
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Jan Švankmajer

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Jan Švankmajer is a filmmaker and artist recognised for his surreal animations, he was born on the 4 th of September 1934 in Prague, Czechoslovakia. He has inspired many of today’s stop-motion animators, including Tim Burton and The Brother Quay. Jan is known for his dark reimagining of well-known fairy tales and for his avant-garde usage of three-dimensional stop-motion coupled with live-action animation. Several critics hailed him for favouring visual elements over plot and narrative, other for his use of dark fantasy.  He has achieved his reputation over the years for his creepy and surreal films, utilizing distinctive stop-motion technique, counting (Pixilation and Claymation). Jan still remains to produce stop-motion films today. Jan tends to project a moral within his stop-motion animations, the animation per say usually makes no sense, however, when watching it closely it emits a deeper meaning in it, and that is the purpose of surrealism. Jan’s stop-motion fi...
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The history of frame rates

The history of frame rate What is the phi phenomenon?    The  phi phenomenon  is the optical illusion of perceiving a series of still images, when viewed in rapid succession, as continuous motion.First described by  Max Wertheimer, one of the three founders of Gestalt psychology, defined this  phenomenon  in 1912. T he human brain can only perceive about only 10-12 individual images per second, any faster, our brains blend the images together into motion.  What is the significance of 12fps? the highest amount in which are brains can perceive and read images until they merge and blend them together into motion. What is over cranking? This is when you record a fast frame rate than  the final projection. D.W Griffiths was notorious for doing this, shooting as low at 2 frames per second, even eddison ignored his own recommendation. What impact did the introduction of sound have on frame rates? One of the most drastic, techno...
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