The history of frame rates



The history of frame rate




What is the phi phenomenon? 
 The phi phenomenon is the optical illusion of perceiving a series of still images, when viewed in rapid succession, as continuous motion.First described by  Max Wertheimer, one of the three founders of Gestalt psychology, defined this phenomenon in 1912. The human brain can only perceive about only 10-12 individual images per second, any faster, our brains blend the images together into motion. 

 What is the significance of 12fps?
the highest amount in which are brains can perceive and read images until they merge and blend them together into motion.

 What is over cranking?
This is when you record a fast frame rate than  the final projection. D.W Griffiths was notorious for doing this, shooting as low at 2 frames per second, even eddison ignored his own recommendation.

What impact did the introduction of sound have on frame rates?
One of the most drastic, technological and artistic changes in all of motion picture history. 
the first sound cameras with their whirling electric motors were very noisy, causing sound operators to shoot through a sound proof booth, through a window.
why 24 became the international frame rate standard?
The audio track didn't have enough fidelity on a 16 frames per second system , so this way they settles for the next factor. 24 is a number which can easily be divided by 2,3,4 and 8. it is the lowest and easily divisible number which would work for sound.

What issues surrounded bandwidth?

 What is interlacing?

 how was the challenge of intermodulation tackled? 

 what is the significance if 60 Hertz and how does it relate to 30 frames per second?

 What is the difference between VHF and UVF?
The higher frequemcy bandwith between them -  VHF had 30-300 MHz and UHF had 300-3.000 MHz. 

 how was a colour standard arrived at?

 what challenge did bandwidth present to achieving a colour standard and how was this problem overcome?

 what was the fields per second ratio that was eventually developed as the standard in colour  and what was the resulting frames per second ratio?

 what is a PAL and why was it developed?
PAL, which stands for Phase Alternating Line
what are the fields per second and frames per second ratios of PAL and SECAM?

 a) Produce a step by step guide to explain how we get from the 24 frames per second of film to a 60i video stream to be able to watch celluloid movies on video. 

 b) what are the issues with the various conversions? 

 how do modern digital cameras avoid the telecine process and with what effects?

 how are 24 Fps films telecine'd into SECAM or PAL 25 fps?

 Explain high frames and temporal resolution

 what are the issues with higher frame rates in narrative filmmaking?







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