Unit 33 - Stop Motion Animation Production

Introduction of Photography Eadweard Muybridge ,  original name  Edward James Muggeridge  (born  April 9, 1830 ,  Kingston upon Thames ,  Surrey , Eng.—died  May 8, 1904 , Kingston upon Thames), English photographer important for his pioneering work in photographic studies of  motion  and in motion-picture projection. He adopted the name Eadweard Muybridge, believing it to be the original Anglo-Saxon form of his name. He immigrated to the  United States  as a young man but remained obscure until 1868, when his large photographs of Yosemite Valley,  California , made him world famous. Muybridge’s experiments in photographing  motion  began in 1872, when the railroad magnate  Leland Stanford  hired him to prove that during a particular moment in a  trotting  horse’s gait, all four legs are off the ground simultaneously. His first efforts were unsuccessful because his camera lacked a fast...

Charles Emile Reynaud  Charles-Émile Reynaud  (8 December 1844 – 9 January 1918) was a French inventor, responsible for the  praxinoscope  (an animation device patented in 1877 that improved on the  zoetrope ) and the first projected animated  films . His  Pantomimes Lumineuses  premiered on 28 October 1892 in Paris. His  Théâtre Optique  film system, patented in 1888, is also notable as the first known instance of  film perforations  being used. The performances predated  Auguste and Louis Lumière 's first paid public screening of the  cinematographe  on 26 December 1895, often seen as the birth of cinema. Charles-Émile Reynaud was born on 8 December 1844 in Montreuil-sous-Bois (now a suburb of Paris). His father Benoît-Claude-Brutus Reynaud was an engineer and medal engraver originally from  Le Puy-en-Velay  and his mother Marie-Caroline Bellanger had been a school teacher, but stayed at ho...

William George Horner William George Horner  (9 June 1786 – 22 September 1837) was a  British   mathematician ; he was a schoolmaster, headmaster and school-keeper, proficient in classics as well as mathematics, who wrote extensively on functional equations, number theory and approximation theory, but also on optics. His contribution to approximation theory is honoured in the designation  Horner's method , in particular respect of a paper in  Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London  for 1819. The modern invention of the Z oetrope , under the name  Daedaleum ( meaning Wheel of the devil)  in 1834, has been attributed to him. The eldest son of the Rev. William Horner, a Wesleyan minister, was born in Bristol. He was educated at Kingswood School, a Wesleyan foundation near Bristol, and at the age of sixteen became an assistant master there. In four years he rose to be headmaster (1806), but left in...

Joseph Antoine Ferdinand Plateau  Joseph Antoine Ferdinand Plateau  (14 October 1801 – 15 September 1883) was a  Belgian   physicist . He was one of the first persons to demonstrate the illusion of a moving image.  To do this he used counter rotating disks with repeating drawn images in small increments of motion on one and regularly spaced slits in the other. He called this device of 1832 the P henakistiscope . Joseph Plateau 's father was an artistic man with a great talent for painting flowers. He wanted Joseph to follow an artistic career and his schooling was arranged with this aim. After excelling at primary school, Joseph was sent to the Academy of Fine Arts. However Joseph became an orphan at the age of fourteen when his father died, his mother having died one year earlier. A brother of Joseph's mother who was a lawyer, A.M Thirion, took over bringing up Joseph and his two sisters. Joseph had a serious illness around this time and for...

Praxinoscope What is a Praxinoscope? The  praxinoscope  was an  animation  device, the successor to the  zoetrop e.  The Praxinoscope is a typical optical toy from the 19th century.  A Praxinoscope has mirrors in the middle with frames at the side that’s been placed inside a shallow outer cylinder, to see the movement of the animation you have to spin it and look at the mirrors. The number of mirrors are actually equal to the number of pictures so the images of pictures are viewed in the mirrors. The reflected pictures gives an illusion of moving pictures, when the outer cylinder rotates. Below shows how the mirror is placed. How does it work? It consists of a  cylinder and a strip of paper showing twelve frames for animation. As the cylinder  rotates, stationary mirrors in the centre reveal a ‘single image’ in motion. Who invented it and when? The Praxinoscope was invented in 1876 by Charles-Émile Reynaud ...

Zoetrope what is a Zoetrope? A Zoetrope is a 19th-century optical toy consisting of a cylinder with a series of pictures on the inner surface that, when viewed through slits with the cylinder rotating, give an impression of continuous motion.  A Zoetrope is a open cylinder with slits on the side of the open cylinder. The frame by frame drawings are inside the cylinder, so when the Zoetrope spins it will be able create a mini animation. In a Zoetrope there’s an animation reel, strobe effect, Zoetrope wall and a base. How does it work? When you place a strip of drawings inside the  zoetrope's  drum, spin it and look through the slots, you will see the images come to life. Of course, they are not really alive. This illusion of motion depends on two things; persistence of vision and the phi phenomenon. Who invented it and when? The early Zoetrope was originally made in China by a man named Ding Huan in 180 AD. The modern Zoetrope was invented in 183...

Phenakistoscope The  Phenakistoscope ( "spindle viewer"). The  phenakistoscope  (also spelled phenakistiscope or phenakitiscope) was an early animation device that used the persistence of vision principle to create an illusion of motion. What is it and how does it work? Persistence of motion is key for the Phenakistoscope to work. The illusion of motion was first theorised by the Greek mathematician Euclid and later by Newton. However, the true principle didn't become firmly conducted until 1829 by Joseph Plateau. The Phenakistroscope works by a series of two discs being mounted on the same axis. The first disc featured slits around the edge, and the second consisted of images drawn with successive actions. These discs both spin in the same direction to create the illusion of movement when viewed in a mirror through the first disc's slots. The phenakistoscope can only be used by one person at a time, however. The Invention Who invented it? Joseph...